School Shooters:
The Message They Bring
by George Beinhorn
(This article appeared in Mothering magazine, Nov./Dec. 2001, published as "School Shooters: The Need for Teaching Values")
I arrived at San Manuel High School on a spring morning in 1958 to a scene of tragedy. Girls were crying; boys were talking in small groups. A beautiful, quiet Mexican-American girl had just been shot by a student who'd been playing with a rifle in his car when the gun accidentally discharged.
The sadness of the event was beyond measure. The boyfriend's struggle to hold back tears at the girl's funeral was heart-rending, as was his face-to-face forgiveness of the boy who'd killed her. For weeks, our stomachs were hollow with "whys?" The girl's quiet sweetness lingered under an uncertain heaven.
As I look back 43 years later, what strikes me is that nothing in our education had even remotely prepared us to deal with the event. Our teachers not only didn't discuss it with us, but they appeared to be entirely uninterested in the questions it posed regarding the ultimate meaning of life. But for me, these questions seemed vital. Returning to the normal routine of English, math, history, and P.E., I secretly questioned the worth of an education that proved so flimsy when life intruded violently upon our hearts.
Return to 1999. A cartoon shows two worried adults talking outside Columbine High. One says, "Why didn't God prevent this?" The other says, "Maybe He would have, but they wouldn't let him into high school."
Sir Kenneth Clark, the late cultural historian and author of the book and film, Civilisation, pointed out that the source of moral values in all societies has always been religion. Yet nowadays, it seems barely acceptable to talk about values in our public schools, far less spirituality, lest we trample private sensibilities. But if mass murder committed by school children isn't about values and questions of ultimate meaning--what is?
In the wake of Littleton, no philosopher, no clergyperson, no senator, no academic or talk-show host came even remotely close to offering credible suggestions for "dealing with teenage violence," much less understanding it. We seem to be no further down the road than we were 40 years ago.
And yet, values play a central role in every choice we make. We choose an ice cream flavor based on our personal scale of values: chocolate is a 10; strawberry perhaps a 4. And if our values are really and truly skewed, we may attempt to resolve our frustrations by picking up a gun and sending bullets ripping through the flesh of our classmates, convinced that human life matters less than the promise of satisfying some blinding, twisted personal need.
Whose Values?
If values are this important, surely we owe it to our children to teach them to make expansive, happy choices, even as "primitive" cultures have always done.
The standard reply--frequently offered in smug, bellicose tones--is: "You're gonna teach my kid values? First you better tell me whose values you're gonna teach!" As if there were Black, Hawaiian, Serbian, Gay, Episcopalian, or Lower Slobovian values. There aren't. Certainly, every culture has its teaching stories and holy scriptures, but the themes of morality are the same everywhere: honesty, love, courage, honor, fortitude, and kindness.
That's because values are based on the way we're wired. Whether our skins are black, brown, white or yellow, and whether our temples have crosses, stars, or purple onions on them, we've all been given the same five instruments through which we can interact with the world: our body, feelings, will, mind, and soul. These instruments don't have race, gender, politics, or religion attached to them, and they're standard equipment worldwide. Whether we experience health or sickness, love or hatred, strength or weakness, wisdom or ignorance, joy or sorrow depends entirely on whether we apply these common, ordinary human tools expansively or contractively.
We are nourished--or poisoned--by the thoughts, feelings, and volitions that we allow to flow through us. This is no longer a debatable point of religious dogma, but hard science. We now know that our feelings and thoughts positively or negatively affect every cell of our bodies, thanks to chemicals known as neuropeptides, which their discoverer, Candace Pert, Ph.D., described in her best-selling book Molecules of Emotion.
Values and Academic Success
Isn't it a little strange that we don't bother to teach children how they can reap the fruits of using their bodies, hearts, and wills wisely--fruits of health, love, strength, wisdom, and joy? And that we fill their time at school instead by cramming their heads with facts?
Why have we failed so utterly to pass along the gathered wisdom of our common human heritage, in a manner that inspires children with the joyful possibilities of life and a sense of their intrinsic worth? Why? Because we'd just as soon avoid stepping on each other's toes. Welcome to the culture of 10,000 special interests. But how does it conceivably contradict the Bible, the Koran, the Talmud, or the Bhagavad Gita to teach kids "Thou shalt not kill" in ways that permit the lesson to enter deeply into their hearts, and not merely their minds?
During the 1980s, I interviewed the teachers at a small private school near Nevada City, California, where values were strongly emphasized. Values were particularly stressed at Living Wisdom School during the "feeling years" from age 6 to 12. The teachers told me this was because values are more a question of the heart than of the mind. Even as presumably rational adults, we tend to decide whether something is right or wrong, not by actually thinking through the issues, but by feeling their rightness or wrongness.
Several years ago, PBS aired a series of documentary films on public schools where values were stressed. At one school, the teachers involved the children in model civic government. At another, the kids created their own small businesses, learning that honesty, perseverance, and kindness pay off with financial rewards. The successes were inspiring, but the approaches seemed one-sided. For one thing, no mention was made of the children who weren't motivated by civic participation or monetary gain. What about the kids whose primary leaning was artistic, athletic, scientific, or mechanical? Surely, they could be taught values, too. (Possibly, a small fraction of them are even now wearing trench coats.)
At Living Wisdom School, the staff taught values without resorting to sectarian dogma or secular gimmickry. Moral lessons were drawn very simply from daily life. For example, a spring storm dropped a foot of snow in the schoolyard, and during recess, the children started a snowball fight in which some of the younger children were hurt and began crying. Later, they got together and built a snowman. On returning to the classroom, the teachers asked them: "How did you enjoy the snowball fight?"
"I didn't like it. I got hit by a snowball, and I cried."
"Yeah, and I felt bad watching the little kids cry."
The teachers then asked how the children had enjoyed building a snowman together.
"Oh, that was fun!"
"Yeah, we worked together and nobody got hurt. We all laughed and had a good time!"
I ask you. How does it contradict Christian, Black, Islamic, or Eskimo values to help children become more acutely aware of the contrast between the way kind and hurtful actions feel? When children harm others, their hearts feel constricted, even as our adult hearts do. And when they perform loving or creative actions, they feel empowered, and their hearts expand with happiness.
I find it effortless to imagine the same lessons being taught in Christian, Black, Buddhist, or Jewish schools. And if the teacher wants to emphasize that Jesus, Buddha, Moses, or the Prophet expressed those same lessons using inspiringly beautiful words a long time ago, so much the better for the child. How much more alive and loving would Jesus, Buddha, or Mohammed become to the children, and how much would it strengthen those lessons--and their faith--to have their own experiences validated in such memorable and uplifting terms.
Is it such a great leap from kindness learned in a snowball fight, to kindness learned through the scriptures?
"Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." (Matthew 22:37-39)
How beautiful, because how true. The scriptures are a priceless catalog of values that work. Which is to say, they simply remind us of what our hearts tell us about the path to true fulfillment.
Why do we labor so hard to fill children's brains, but seldom bother to educate their hearts? Because, among our other concerns, we fear that if we take time to teach values, we'll jeopardize their chances of earning a good living later on in life. But surely it's time we got real. Surely we've received a loud and clear wake-up call from Paducah, Jonesboro, Springfield, Littleton, Conyers, Santee, and El Cajon. Shouldn't we instead consider the risks involved in not teaching values? Will children who are deprived of all sense of life's joyous possibilities be more likely to want to earn a good living, or will they feel profoundly betrayed and lash out in rebellious anger? The answer, surely, is no longer in doubt.
For 30 years, the children at Living Wisdom Schoolhave scored consistently above the national average on standardized tests of academic achievement. The teachers say this is because of, and not despite, their values-weighted education. "Children who learn to love," they told me, "love learning." Perhaps not surprisingly, the school calls its method "Education for Life," after the title of a book by J. Donald Walters.
A child whose heart has been guided into sensitive awareness of how much better it feels to love than to hate is less likely to mow down his classmates in a doomed attempt to alleviate feelings of alienation, hopelessness, and terminal boredom. Values have the power to change hearts and save lives.
What children don't need in this fact-mongering age of materialistic heartlessness is our hand-wringing, our political dithering, our finger-pointing, and our talk-show blathering, far less our special pleading based on religion and ethnicity. Children need our love, our wisdom, and our energetic, committed care. It might take generations to swing the weight of the educational establishment around. But with creativity, energy, and cooperation, we can begin to save our children right now--town by town,block by block, home by home.
George Beinhorn is a writer and editor in Mountain View, California. He is the author of the book Fitness Intuition. The complete book, Education for Life, is now available for reading or printing online.
SIDEBAR:
The Human Brain: Wired for Values?
History shows us that human beings have the potential to hold lofty values and to act upon them, even at the cost of dire consequences to themselves. An ordinary seaman in the U.S. Navy during World War II ran barefoot across the red-hot deck of a burning ship to save a comrade's life. In the Netherlands during the same war, Betsy Ten Boom mustered the incredible spiritual strength to forgive the Nazi camp guards who tortured and eventually killed her. Our potential for loving sacrifice exists at one end of a spectrum of values, the other pole of which is occupied by the doomed attempt of disturbed teenagers to resolve their personal problems by opening fire on their classmates.
If both potentials exist in human nature--the loving and expansive as well as the murderous and contractive--wouldn't we be justified in assuming that values are somehow encoded in our brains? In fact, science has begun to deliver tantalizing hints that life-affirming values may be a fixed feature of the brain's design, awaiting stimulation by appropriate teaching methods. Recent research from the growing field of neuropsychology, for example, suggests that most of our higher abilities--our capacity to empathize with others, to "multitask," to solve complex problems, to be upbeat and positive, and to concentrate and persevere--are localized in the prefrontal lobes of the brain--the "new" part of the brain which is more highly developed in humans than in other primates. If we could help children energize this part of their brains, perhaps we might help them lead happier, more meaningful lives.
The February 2, 2001 issue of Science Daily reported the results of a study by Donald Stuss, one of the world's foremost experts on the brain's prefrontal lobes. Dr. Stuss's research, which was originally published in the February 2001 issue of the international journal BRAIN, provides the strongest evidence yet that our ability to empathize is localized in the prefrontal lobes--the part of the brain that also controls personality, mood, memory, a sense of humor, and consciousness awareness. The Science Daily article observed: "It has long been known that some patients with frontal lobe damage have significantly changed personalities.... For example, patients with damage in the specific frontal area are often less empathetic and sympathetic."
Further evidence that empathy is localized in the prefrontal lobes comes from an emerging body of evidence which shows that, in some people, damage to the frontal lobes is responsible for the development of a sociopathic personality. "Sociopathy" is a term used to describe people who can commit violent crimes, including murder and rape, without experiencing feelings of remorse. In less severe forms of the ailment, "sociopathy" is used to describe people who are simply unable to empathize with others.
Children with well-developed empathy would naturally tend to value their classmates' welfare. They would be less likely to commit acts of mass murder, and on a more mundane scale, they would enjoy improved socialization, along with the inner rewards that accompany a healthy ability to bond. Current brain research appears to suggest that there may be ways to stimulate children's frontal lobes directly, aside from long-term developmental methods such as those practiced at Living Wisdom School. (See accompanying article.)
A study, "Reversing the Neurophysiology of Violence," conducted by Alarik Arenander, Ph.D. at the Brain Research Institute at the Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy in Fairfield, Iowa, concluded:
"Modern physiological research on the causes of violent and aggressive behavior have [sic] identified two strong neurophysiological correlates: abnormal neuroendocrine patterns and abnormal metabolic patterns. Specifically, serotonin and cortisol are known to affect mood and emotional impulsivity. Normal neuroendocrine patterns are restored by the [Transcendental Meditation] meditation technique."
Nothing could be more certain than that any suggestion that meditation be introduced into public schools would be violently opposed by a broad spectrum of special interest groups, with religious fundamentalists in the lead. Nonetheless, powerful scientific supportexists for the notion that meditation works at least as well as Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil, by stimulating the prefrontal lobes of the brain, even as a growing body of evidence shows that these powerful drugs do. Moreover, meditation lacks the unfortunate side-effects of Prozac, et al., which include a return of depression once patients stop taking the drug.
In fact, meditation is increasingly being prescribedby the medical community as a purely sectarian remedy for stress and depression. In a July 5, 2000 article on ABCNEWS.com, "Mindfulness Medication--Modern Medicine Turns to An Ancient Practice," Jeff Brantley, Ph.D., Director of the Mindfulness‑based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Program at the Duke Center for Integrative Medicine in Durham, N.C. reported. that meditation helps his patients discover "an increased awareness and appreciation of their lives." Dr. Brantley remarked: "We get everyone from born‑again Christians to avowed atheists. We tell people we are not trying to make anyone into anything. The article further noted: "Doctors refer patients to mindfulness programs for any number of diseases and disorders, including heart disease, anxiety and panic, job or family stress, chronic pain, cancer, HIV infection, AIDS, headaches, sleep disturbances, type A behavior, high blood pressure, fatigue and skin disorders."
Further evidence that our ability to empathize may be hardwired in our brains appeared in the January 27, 2001 issue of New Scientist. Brain scientists have discovered that when we watch someone prick their finger, neurons in the same finger of our own hand fire in sympathy. Neuroscientists V. S. Ramachandran, Vittorio Gallese, Alvin Goldman, Giacomo Rizzolatti, and Michael Arbib are fascinated by these "mirror neurons," which they believe may provide the physiological basis for our ability to anticipate other people's behavior and empathize with their feelings, as well as our capacity to communicate, exercise ingenuity, and develop tightly interwoven societies.
These results are merely first hints of a connection between values and the brain. But if science tells us anything clearly, it is that kids can change, because the brain continually adapts itself to lessons from the surrounding environment. In plain terms, children can be taught the skills they need to become happier, more fulfilled and caring individuals. Dr. Richard Davidson, one of the world's leading researchers on emotions and the prefrontal lobes of the brain, said in a Washington Post "Health Talk" radio interview on November 2, 2000:
"One thing that is so important is for people not to assume that since we find biological differences among people it necessarily means that those differences have arisen from heritable causes. Modern neuroscience research teaches us that the brain is an organ built to change in response to experience, probably more than any other organ in the body. The brain is literally shaped, both structurally and functionally, by experience. So while early differences in these patterns of brain function have been detected, we and others have also found remarkable plasticity or change that can occur, particularly in the early years of life, before puberty. It is also likely that change can occur in adulthood though we do not know what the limits of such change might be."
In his book, Moral Development and Behavior, the late Lawrence Kohlberg, Ph.D., professor of educational psychology at Harvard, described a major cross-cultural study in which researchers were able to map the precise stages that children of all cultures pass through as they develop increasingly sensitive moral awareness. Kohlberg concluded that children everywhere, regardless of religious affiliation, nationality, or racial background, pass through the same six phases of development, ranging from unabashed self-interest, through mercenary "you pat my back, I'll pat yours" attitudes, to purely selfless concern for the welfare of others.
Professor Kohlberg, whose work has become a cornerstone for subsequent research on children's moral development, discovered that children are attracted to achieve these progressively refined levels of moral awareness as they experience the internal rewards of behaving selflessly. At the highest level, which Kohlberg dubs "Principled Conscience," children behave unselfishly simply because it feels inwardly right, joyful, and liberating to do so. Kohlberg's stages:
- Pre-conventional (Obedience and Punishment: "Do it or else!")
- Individualism, Instrumentalism, and Exchange (Conventional: "Do it for a reward.")
- "Good boy/girl" (Conformity: "Do it to please others.")
- Law and Order (Post-conventional: "Do it because it's proper.")
- Social Contract ("Do it because it makes everyone happy.")
- Principled Conscience ("Do it because it's right and because it feels joyous and liberating.")
Dr. Kohlberg's discovery of a sameness in children's moral growth around the world would seem to provide the strongest evidence that values are a built-in feature of human nature--one that can be encouraged through consistent, compassionate teaching methods.
In the last analysis, we don't have to wait for science to catch up with what common sense tells us: that children who are loved and inspired respond and grow as human beings, while those who are force-fed an unrelenting diet of dead facts wither inwardly, even as their brains, computer-like, develop the mechanistic capacity to "solve the system" by spitting forth whatever they are fed.
